According to Attribution Theory, a student’s belief that their outcomes can change based on their efforts illustrates what concept?

The belief that a student's outcomes can improve or change based on their efforts aligns closely with the concept of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments. Essentially, when students feel that their hard work and effort can lead to better results, they are demonstrating high self-efficacy. This belief motivates them to engage in tasks more confidently and persistently, as they perceive that their actions directly influence their success.

In contrast, the other concepts—responsibility, stability, and achievement motivation—do not specifically capture this belief about the impact of effort on outcomes. Responsibility relates more to the accountability for one's actions; stability refers to the consistency of factors over time; and achievement motivation focuses on the drive to achieve goals regardless of the belief in one's ability to affect outcomes. Thus, self-efficacy is the most relevant concept in this context.