What type of motivation is characterized by performing a behavior to obtain an external reward?

The answer is rooted in the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation specifically refers to engaging in a behavior not for the inherent enjoyment or satisfaction of the activity itself but for the sake of obtaining an external reward. This could be in the form of grades, money, praise, or other tangible benefits that are separate from the task.

In educational contexts, students might study hard not just to learn or understand a subject (which would reflect intrinsic motivation) but primarily to earn a good grade or recognition from teachers and parents. The emphasis on external rewards stands in contrast to intrinsic motivation, where the drive to engage in an activity comes from within, fueled by personal interest or the pleasure derived from the task itself.

While achievement motivation relates to the desire to succeed and accomplish goals, and self-efficacy pertains to an individual's belief in their capability to succeed, neither of these terms encapsulates the idea of performing an action solely for external rewards, which is precisely what defines extrinsic motivation.