Which category of needs does Maslow assert as foundational and critical for survival?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs identifies several levels of human motivation, which are typically depicted as a pyramid. At the base of this pyramid are deficiency needs, which include basic physiological requirements such as food, water, shelter, and safety. These needs are foundational because they are essential for survival; without meeting these needs, individuals cannot progress to higher levels of psychological or social fulfillment.

Deficiency needs must be satisfied before individuals can focus on higher-level growth needs, which are connected to personal development and self-actualization. This structure emphasizes that unless the foundational needs are met, further growth and fulfillment become difficult to achieve. Thus, deficiency needs are seen as critical for survival, as they directly impact physical and psychological well-being. By prioritizing the deficiency needs, Maslow highlights their importance in our motivation and overall functioning.