Which level of moral reasoning involves following rules to gain rewards or avoid punishments?

The correct choice identifies a level of moral reasoning where individual behavior is driven primarily by the desire to receive rewards or avoid punishments. This level is known as preconventional morality, which is characterized by a self-centered approach to ethics.

At this stage, typically observed in younger children, decisions are based on direct consequences rather than societal norms or laws. Moral reasoning at this level focuses on personal benefits or deterring potential negative repercussions, which indicates a fundamental understanding of right and wrong but is largely egocentric. Individuals do not yet consider the broader implications of their actions on others or society, making this stage distinct from later levels of moral development, such as conventional and postconventional morality, which incorporate broader societal values and ethical principles.