Which neurological disorder is characterized by episodes of seizures due to abnormal brain activity?

The correct response highlights epilepsy as the neurological disorder that features episodes of seizures caused by abnormal brain activity. Epilepsy is specifically defined by the tendency to experience recurrent seizures, which occur when there is a sudden, excessive electrical discharge from a group of neurons in the brain. This can lead to various symptoms, ranging from convulsions and loss of consciousness to more subtle changes in awareness and behavior, depending on the type of seizure.

For a deeper understanding, consider that attention disorders like ADHD typically involve difficulties with attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity, but do not involve seizures. Cerebral palsy, on the other hand, primarily affects movement and coordination due to brain injury or maldevelopment, not directly tied to seizure activity. Mental retardation, now more appropriately referred to as intellectual disability, indicates cognitive functioning limitations and is not characterized by seizures either.

Thus, epilepsy stands out as a condition distinctly associated with seizures, underlining why it is the correct answer in this context.