Which of the following refers to general short-cut strategies used in problem-solving?

The correct answer is heuristics, which refers to general short-cut strategies used in problem-solving. Heuristics are mental strategies that simplify decision-making by allowing individuals to arrive at conclusions more quickly without exhaustive analysis of all possible options. These strategies play a crucial role in enhancing efficiency in problem-solving situations.

For example, when faced with a complex decision, a person might rely on heuristics like "rule of thumb" principles or previous experiences instead of systematically evaluating every potential solution. This can be particularly beneficial in situations where time is limited or when an exhaustive search for solutions is impractical.

In contrast, algorithms are step-by-step procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct solution to a problem if followed correctly but can be time-consuming. Procedures are specific methods or processes used to achieve a particular outcome, while theories are broader explanations that encompass a range of phenomena and are not strategies for problem-solving.